Managing multiple Workstation Antivirus Software Installations

Managing multiple Workstation Antivirus Software Installations,

It is important to realize the importance of antivirus systems. Every singular day witnesses thousands of malicious code generators broadcasting their module in the form of a virus, worm or a Trojan on the Internet. Their main purpose is to infiltrate weak networks and private systems in an attempt to relay confidential facts like financial records, project documents and enterprise transactions to the hacker.

This necessitates a schedule which identifies malicious codes in a file and deletes them or quarantines them. All that is left for you to do after choosing to setup a safety system is settle on one enterprise from the distinct manufacturers in the market.

Related Managing multiple Workstation Antivirus Software Installations.

There are some antivirus companies in the store which fabricate their applications and cater them to the needs of an office network. A centralized antivirus software supervision is the key to these systems. Without such a system, you are sure to have complications in installation. You will have to remember the fact that in order to setup the antivirus application on many systems, you need to procure many license copies from the company.

Recommend Managing multiple Workstation Antivirus Software Installations.

Since all can be completed online, it does not entail more than an hour of work. It is great to spend a sum of money in purchasing licenses and installing the applications onto your network than regretting a loss of thousands of dollars worth information. Most companies even offer a good value deal for many licenses along with free updates for an extended period.

Sometimes, it is great to update systems to a newer version of operating system and reinforce them with great resources to make sure that they can cope the faster and sleeker antivirus applications. This could avoid system crashes and enable the application to run smoothly.

To ensure that there is no downtime, loss of productivity and safety breaches, it is best to update your software on a daily basis. Some systems even provide a uncut report and logs of daily events and report threats and attacked websites. It becomes increasingly easy to monitor these events and block out inherent threats.

iPhones and perhaps Gphones! Why the Obsession With Internet on mobile Phones?

iPhones and perhaps Gphones! Why the Obsession With Internet on mobile Phones?,

Apple launched the most hotly imaginable technological machine of all time, the iPhone. This is a phone with a comparatively large display and a touch screen keyboard. It is a device from which you can way the internet. There are currently a mass of rumours circling the internet that Google will, at some point in 2008, release their own mobile phone loaded with software and the quality to way the internet.

You may be sitting there with one examine in your head. Why are fellowships obsessed with our quality to way the internet on our mobile phones, I can't think of anything worse than surfing the web on a mobile?

Related iPhones and perhaps Gphones! Why the Obsession With Internet on mobile Phones?.

Until very recently I would have posed the same question, but one thing changed my perspective and allowed me to reconsider the possible for mobile internet. I am now actively waiting to get complex in the revolution.

Recommend iPhones and perhaps Gphones! Why the Obsession With Internet on mobile Phones?.

A few weeks ago Britain's transport network fell into chaos as a effect of severe flooding. I was meeting someone who, at the last minute, was diverted to a different destination within a town unfamiliar to me. For the first time I dared to use the mapping feature on my mobile. It was incredibly usable and took me directly and well to where I needed to be without any qoute or fuss.

I had waited until it was a last resort to use this feature, but it was at this point I turned the corner and realised how much I could ordinarily use internet services on my mobile, if it was easier to do so. There is now a generation of people, just like me, who are very ready and waiting to be able to use this technology and usability and expense are the only barriers preventing us from doing so. I am neither a technology buff nor a teenager and believe once citizen like me, ie adults, start to reconsider the possibility of mobile internet services then the fellowships that promote such ideas could be onto something.

I haven't picked up a Yellow Pages since the 90's, if I want to find a enterprise offering a local assistance I open my laptop and use a search engine. That's it, I don't even go right to an online directory, I just type my location and the assistance into Google and go through what comes back. If a enterprise can make it easier for me to eliminate the use of my laptop and offer me the quality to quickly and plainly use my mobile, I'll jump at the opportunity.

The last Dvd I used was in early 2006 and it must be four years since I last picked up a Cd. Music and movies are things I download on demand, exactly when I want them, directly to my laptop. They are then steamed abruptly to where ever in my home I want, to the stereo or Tv. Although this sounds complex, it was easy to set up and is the fastest, simplest way to way these items. If someone can originate a way to let me do this on my mobile that is more efficient, that can be well done from anywhere, then I'm on board.

The technology is now ready to make your mobile phone by far the most beneficial machine you own. If it knows exactly where you are, via Gps, it can tell you the very best local services to suit your requirements, could list independent reviews and then tell you how to get there. If you hear a song you like on the radio it should let you buy and download it abruptly for your collection. You could even halt watching a Tv show or a movie on the commute into work.

Usability and cost to the consumer are the only two issues that will prevent this from being the norm in the relatively near future. These are niceties that I would utilise if they are offered cheaply and easily, but I am not going to pay a excellent for these services and won't touch them if they are in any way a hassle or frustrating to use. The opportunities for mobile internet are vast and exciting. All we now await is the coming of the experts who can originate great, simple, usable services and can supply them free, or at least cheaply, to consumer.

Wireless Network Set Up - Three Things You Should Know

Wireless Network Set Up - Three Things You Should Know,

There are three major settings you should be aware of when setting up a wireless home network:

Your Ssid Your encryption type Your safety key.

Related Wireless Network Set Up - Three Things You Should Know.

Once you understand the purpose of each of these settings you'll be able to fast and in fact set up a wireless home network whether setting up your router manually or using the setup Cd that came with your router.

Recommend Wireless Network Set Up - Three Things You Should Know.

Ssid

The first thing you want to do when setting up a wireless network is to give your network an Ssid or "Security Set Identifier." An Ssid is simply the name you give to your network. The more unique it is the better. Most routers come with a default Ssid which is usually nothing more than the brand-name of the device. Leaving your router with its default Ssid is like broadcasting to the world that you've done nothing to fetch your home network and you may be inherent easy pickings. Ideally you want to name your wireless home network something that's meaningful to you yet difficult to understand for others. For example if you are a New York Yankees fan you could put something like "Nyyrno1" for "New York Yankees Are whole One." Now that our Ssid is taken care of we can move on to our encryption type.

Encryption Type

The next major decision you have is what type of wireless encryption you want to use. The choices are usually Wep, Wpa or Wpa2. Wep has come to be dated and less secure. Unless you have equipment that only works with Wep you want to go with Wpa or Wpa2. Many times you'll be given the choice to use both Wpa and Wpa2 with the same safety key. The purpose of your encryption type is to garble and conceal the data on your home network to outsiders and make it available only to those who have a extra safety key to your network.

Security Key

Your safety key should not be confused with the password you use to log on to your router. They are two different things. Your safety key can be whether a password, a pass phrase or a long string of randomly generated numbers and letters. Using a password or pass phrase that you can in fact remember or look up in the dictionary is less fetch than using a randomly generated string of numbers or letters. Some routers have a built-in utility you can use to create random safety keys. Windows Vista provides a utility which creates a randomly generated safety key and gives you the opening to whether print it out or save it to a flash drive.

Now that you understand what a wireless networking Ssid, encryption type and safety key is you're best prepared to correctly configure any wireless router or wireless networking gadget you purchase.

How To Fix Windows Error 1606 - "Could Not access Network Location"

How To Fix Windows Error 1606 - "Could Not access Network Location",

The Windows 1606 error is a qoute caused by your Pc being unable to correctly load up a clear "location" from the registry settings of your Pc. The issue is regularly displayed when using the likes of Microsoft Office, and essentially prevents your computer from being able to read the files it requires to run. In order to decide the 1606 error, you first need to be able to decide any of the possible problems with the "registry" settings of your ideas which are causing the issue. After that, you need to also be able to clean out any issues with the settings that Windows uses to run.

The error you're looking will likely show in this format:

Related How To Fix Windows Error 1606 - "Could Not access Network Location".

Error 1606: Could Not entrance Network Location

Recommend How To Fix Windows Error 1606 - "Could Not access Network Location".

The issue you're likely facing is that your computer is unable to read a particular file or setting which your software requires to run. Whenever you use software on your Pc, 100's of important files are being opened to help your computer process all the important features of the software, and so it's vital that all the settings / options your computer requires are maintained in the most intact way possible.

The first way to fix this error is to ensure that all the "Administrative Tools" settings are correctly stored inside the registry database of your Pc. These settings are what determines where your software will look for particular files, and is therefore very important if you want to profess the smooth doing of your Pc. The 1606 error is likely going to be caused by an issue with these particular settings being unreadable, and therefore requires you open up "RegEdit.exe" to fix the problem.

The second way to fix the 1606 error is to use a program called a "registry cleaner". These are software tools which scan straight through the whole registry database and fix any of the errors / problems which are inside. Because the 1606 error is basically caused by a corrupted set of registry settings, you should be able to decide the issues you're looking by letting a good registry cleaner program scan straight through your Pc and fix any of the errors inside.

Direct Tv & Dish Network Tv Vs Satellite Tv For Pc

Direct Tv & Dish Network Tv Vs Satellite Tv For Pc,

Many population are choosing to make the huge switch from quarterly television to Direct Tv, Dish Network Tv, and Satellite Tv for Pc. The surmise for this is the easy fact that Satellite Tv is much more cheaper than the alternatives. It gives population the potential to watch television shows at different times of the day and give them a huge collection of tv programs.

First off, let's start off with Dish Network and their pricing. They'll offer you 3 months of free programming for a minute time with a 24 month commitment. It's a pretty awesome deal, considering that you get 3 months of television without having to pay those annoying prices.

Related Direct Tv & Dish Network Tv Vs Satellite Tv For Pc.

The downside of both these Satellite programs is that you're going to have to pay atleast 29.99 month, plus or less tax. So that could be a minor dent in your wallet - it could very well be worth it as there is technology to put these same programs on your Pc as well.

Recommend Direct Tv & Dish Network Tv Vs Satellite Tv For Pc.

With Direct Tv - you will be able to watch Nfl Sunday ticket exclusively on Direct Tv since they have an exclusivity deal until 2010. This can be rather tough for the football fans who do not have Direct Tv and want to see their beloved football team play on a consistent basis.

Also, with cable services - some major cable associates such as Time Warner are feuding with the Nfl network and will not give the population entrance to that channel so population will also have to pay extra for that.

Another great option that you have is getting a Pctv card which can cost you minute big of cash but will totally be worth it in the end as you will have entrance to tons of television on your Pc.

Another option that you should also think is the possibility of downloading Satellite Tv for Pc unto your computer so that you can watch it instantly. Yes, it is potential - as internet technology has come a long way.

You can naturally go to a vendor or seller of the software online and find the product. You'll have instant entrance to thousands of channels for a small price which is much cheaper than the alternatives that require a monthly fee!

Computer Hardware Network security

Computer Hardware Network security,

The term global community has become more realistic than fictional after the whole use of the internet in all countries in the world. What the internet does is effectively computerizing the globe. Like many other things, the internet provides good and bad things. The consensus is that the good things far outnumber the bad things. But the questions posed about data protection are serious ones. Since more and more institutions such as military, diplomatic, and financial institutions are relying on the internet or some other kinds of network for transferring data and streamlining the process, the number of people who try to misuse such data is also on the rise. To preclude this assorted kinds of data protection measures are adopted by network administers. A majority of the data protection measures are associated to software applications. Computer hardware network protection options are also used.

To understand the importance of data security, think the case of a bank that has branches all over a country. For streamlining the operation, most of the banks set up a secret network or a network associated with the internet to change financial data. A man with sufficient software and hardware knowledge can sneak into this network without permission and convert the data according to his or her will. Such people are nicknamed hackers. In the case of a bank, since convert of data means convert or loss of money, implementation of state of the art protection measures for protecting the data is honestly essential.

Related Computer Hardware Network security.

The hardware components needed for a network are computers with network cards and nods for connecting these computers with each other straight through corporeal relationship such as cable or straight through electronic signals via satellite. One will also need network and database administration software for the efficient functioning of the network. In most of the networking arrangements, one computer, known as the server, acts as a source and other computers act as nods of that central computer.

Recommend Computer Hardware Network security.

Normally, there are elaborate protection arrangements for preventing unauthorized persons from logging in to a network. Software precautions like firewall, anti-virus and anti-hacking software packages, and encryption technologies have been widely used. Such systems are honestly significant to preclude data theft and other malicious intentions. The question with software packages for network protection is that such packages will be outdated after a single period. Hackers normally understand how to get nearby the software packages after a clear period.

So, a computer hardware network protection device is a best choice. Top network router manufacturing companies contribute hardware firewall arrangement for both kinds of network systems: Ethernet and wireless. The firewall settings can be honestly adjusted. Any companies also offer virtual secret network devices for network security. But the prominent thing for providing watertight protection for your network is that you need to permanently update the hardware and software requirements.

collective Network diagnosis of Organizational communication - Part 1

collective Network diagnosis of Organizational communication - Part 1,

Nathan and I have spent a primary whole of time discussing how the enterprise professional can effectively use public network communications. During our discussions and research for new ideas, we came over a whole of basic concepts and premium tools. We believe that these concepts and tools can help improve the implementation of an sufficient enterprise ideas as well as internal communications. We recently presented our findings at a state-wide security discussion and in case,granted insights on what we found.

As an example of what may be encountered, you institute a site-specific and well-designed administration ideas (in Safety, Productivity, Human Resources, Quality, etc.) only to find that your efforts have stalled, been diluted in a short duration of time, or During agenda reviews, or an audit uncovers pockets of resistance in the system. You then growth your efforts and try to improve your effectiveness and meet with continued resistance. Okay, now what do you do next? Instead of increased efforts, a characterize and determination of your internal public network may uncover where the resistance and obstacles reside.

Related collective Network diagnosis of Organizational communication - Part 1.

Organizational buildings Defined

Recommend collective Network diagnosis of Organizational communication - Part 1.

The examine is: To whom, when, where, and how do we characterize effectively? We, as enterprise Professionals, face a myriad of organizational structures that generate obstacles to developing a victorious administration system. These obstacles can contain such areas as:

Multiple levels of administration that lack continuity, due to a lack of communication between the levels of management. This reminds us of the old saying: "the right hand does not know what the left hand is doing." Company politics where everyone does their own thing believing that their way is the right way and do not listen to the professionals or each other. Resistance to change, the old way has worked, why change? Potential key players or inherent supporters are not complicated and missed the first exertion roll-out. Initiatives or roll-outs are often viewed as a negative, as new programs are put in place with little or no hold devised for its deployment. The point of the roll-out is downplayed as not a high priority by various departments or individuals competitive for scarce time, resources, and budget.

Organizational obstacles must be understood and dealt with effectively. As a enterprise Professional, one must learn how to adapt to meet these obstacles by designing strategies to overcome resistance to change, gaps in the hold ideas or communication issues. While many tools and techniques must be carefully and used as part of your communications tool kit, one intriguing technique that appears to have promise is the use of public Network Analysis.

Social Network Analysis

Social Network determination and its foundational concepts have been nearby for a long time but have not, in our opinion, been effectively used to the degree needed. public Network determination applies to the inter-workings of an assosication and assesses the capability of the communication links. public Network determination in fact has not been used in the risk/safety process amelioration to our knowledge.

In part 2, we will discuss how an sufficient public Network determination can be used a way to compare and decree the capability and scope of individuals (from the yield line employees to upper, management) as well as the organizational group interactions.

These interactions can be advanced using mind mapping and other graphical techniques to display a collection of communication elements.

The Wonders of Satellite Mapping Technology

The Wonders of Satellite Mapping Technology,

In the contemporary day world, there's truly no such thing as venturing into the unknown. With the great advancements in technology, not only is the whole world a much smaller place, but it is also a place where getting lost is a thing of the past, at least on the surface. Gone are the days when explorers had to risk their lives and travel far and wide in order chart out new territories and carve out routes to new destinations. Today, thanks to the "eye-in-sky" every quadrilateral foot of our grand planet has now been recorded for posterity.

If you are still wondering as to which aspect of technology is being referred to here, then I have three words for you for you- Satellite Map Technology. Satellite map technology has evolved in leaps in bounds over the last 40 years and the results of its enlarge are here for all to see, literally!

Related The Wonders of Satellite Mapping Technology.

In the beginning, the very first satellite images came while the 1950s from the Russian Satellite - Sputnik. Although these images weren't very clear, they did give a good impression of how the earth looks when viewed from outer space. The next stage of amelioration took place in the 1970s when the pictures taken from space were ready in color, but even then the images were still quite rough.

Recommend The Wonders of Satellite Mapping Technology.

However, the images taken by satellites in the 90s were telling beyond what one could fantasize in the 1970s or even the 80s for that matter. This is because even then the median satellite map was so strict that you could truly spot an object on the ground that is a petite over 2 feet across.

Back then, these images were only ready to and used by the army and the government. In more recent times, the far reaching impact of the internet is responsible for bringing satellite imagery to the normal population. What was once the main bastion of an exclusive few like engineers, scientists and forces is now ready to just about whatever with entrance to the internet.

One of the biggest players in the internet industry to have brought satellite map technology to millions is Google, who provides satellite images to users straight through its Google maps program. Apart from Google, some of the best satellite maps are also in case,granted by the Nasa or National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

The amazing clarity and information of new age satellite images has enabled the creation of the best satellite mapping theory known to man, that is Global Positioning theory or Gps. Not only are these satellite maps amazing to look at, but maybe the biggest advantage of satellite map technology is that you never need to be lost again while driving your car.

In other words, you can travel to the far corners of the earth and forget about having to rack your brains trying to figure out a paper map ever again!

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synthetic Satellite Types

synthetic Satellite Types,

A celestial body orbiting an additional one celestial body of larger size is a satellite. An synthetic satellite is a artificial object or vehicle intended to orbit the earth, the moon, or an additional one celestial body. Since October 4th, 1957 humanity is capable of putting synthetic satellites in orbit colse to the earth. The Russians were the first with Sputnik; a small satellite that orbited the earth for a combine of months and transmitted beeps for 21 days.

The Usa launched its first satellite on January 31st, 1958. This satellite was named Explorer 1, and through the data transmitted back to earth by Explorer 1, scientists discovered the van Allen radiation belts, zones in space colse to the earth, and the planets Jupiter and Saturn, containing high-energy protons and electrons.

Related synthetic Satellite Types.

50 years ago synthetic satellites did not exist. Since Sputnik more than 4800 satellites have been launched by governments and secret associates colse to the world. Satellites are used for satellite Tv of course, but there are many more purposes for satellites.

Recommend synthetic Satellite Types.

Types of Satellites

The Moon is a satellite of the earth; the earth is a satellite of the sun. The first is called a moon, the second a planet. Man made (artificial) satellites orbit any celestial body and are always called a satellite, either they orbit the earth, the moon, the sun or any other celestial body.

We use satellites for distinct purposes and all satellites can be located in one of the following categories:

Communications Satellites

Distribution of television and audio signals, and telephone connections via satellite are done by Communications Satellites. These types of communications typically need a satellite in geostationary orbit. In 1964 the Us branch of Defense launched the first satellite that was located in geostationary orbit. This satellite was named Syncom 3.

Today geostationary satellites are used to provide voice, audio and video communications like satellite Tv by Dish Network Satellite.

Navigation Satellites

These satellites were of vast help to transportation companies, especially transportation over water and through the air. The Us Gps satellites are in Low Earth Orbit (Leo) and can conclude position with a precision of 1 cm (0.4 inch). However, that very precise positioning is available for troops purposes only. For market use the precision is less accurate.

Navigation satellites are also used for distance measurements for instance in the middle of buildings.

Weather Satellites

Observing the earth is the task for weather satellites, and then especially what happens in the atmosphere. distinct kinds of cameras, like infrared and general cameras are used to witness either the same part of the earth, from a geostationary orbit, or more closely from polar orbits to get more detailed pictures. These low orbit weather satellites focus more on the study of the climate than on the current weather it self.

Military Satellites

Very similar to weather satellites, troops satellites are also used for observing the earth. Commonly with higher resolution cameras and instead of general communications equipment, they use encryption as well. Sometimes these types of satellites have very distinct types of orbits. For instance a very elliptical orbit which brings the satellite as far away from the earth as the moon and as close to the earth that it shortly enters the atmosphere, to get as close as inherent to the earth surface without falling back to earth.

Probably many more tactics are used, but for safe bet reasons, these are unknown.

Scientific Satellites

Observing the earth for scientific purposes is also very good inherent with satellites. Development maps with low polar orbits satellites for instance, but also measuring the exact shape of the earth, geological research, etc can all advantage greatly from scientific satellites.

But scientific satellites are not just used for observing the earth. The study of space benefits also from scientific satellites. For instance the Hubble Satellite which unquestionably is a huge telescope that orbits the earth. Because the Hubble telescope doesn't have to "see" through the climate it can furnish much clearer and detailed images than earth based telescopes.

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Sas - company brain - Churn & Campaign supervision clarification For Telecom industry

Sas - company brain - Churn & Campaign supervision clarification For Telecom industry,

Introduction

In the contemporary Telecommunication with the competition mounting up between the service providers, customer acquisition and holding is a critical challenge. For the new entrants, acquiring the new customers is the highest priority, whereas for the incumbents, retaining the wage earning customers is essential.

Related Sas - company brain - Churn & Campaign supervision clarification For Telecom industry.

The telecom fellowships can growth profitability by creating a predictive modeling for identifying possible churn candidates and non-revenue earning customers; and can growth wage and profitability by targeted campaigning and promotional offers which will not only retain these customers but also change the non-revenue earning customers to profitable wage earning customers.

Recommend Sas - company brain - Churn & Campaign supervision clarification For Telecom industry.

This description highlights the necessity of churn and campaign administration and the usage of Sas - Telecommunication brain software (Tis) for the purpose. It also includes various implementation challenges for Sas - Tis in the real time scenario.

Churn Management

Customer acquisition and holding is a critical challenge in all industries. In the Telecom commerce it affects profitability of the business if a customer churns before the business can earn back the speculation it incurred in acquiring the customer. Therefore, it is very critical to recognize the profitable customers and retain them.

With the telecom shop becoming more competitive, determining the reasons of the customer leaving the service of the business is increasingly difficult. In this circumstance, it is even more difficult to predict the probability of the customer to leave in near future. It is increasingly consuming to devise a cost-effect incentive to target the right customer to convince him to stay with the company.

Predictive modeling of churn pathology and administration aims at generating scores depicting the probability of the customers to churn out in future. This takes into notice distinct aspects of customer's susceptibility to churn, together with the history of citizen those who have churned in the past and build a data model that generates an easy-to-understand reference numbers (scores) assigned to each customers. These customers are then targeted with incentives to deter their cancellation. In other words, Churn pathology determines the probable reasons for a hereafter cancellation depending on the past records which will help the fellowships to customize their offer. For example: if pathology reveals that many customers have churned from a singular area last month and supplementary investigation has identified that there are frequent call drops (disruptions in service) in that replacement (or Bts area). It can be fulfilled, that due to the technical inadequacy of that singular exchange, frequent call drops are experienced which has contributed to the customer discontentment and their consuming out of the company. So supplementary technical solution for that replacement can prevent hereafter possible churns.

Business Definition of Churn Management

Defining churn is the first and prominent activity in Churn administration designing. distinct fellowships define churn according to their business experiences.

Churn definition differs from a Pre-paid to Post-paid scenario.

In pre-paid scenario, a customer can be thought about as churned in the following cases:

a) If the customer goes out of network (deactivated)

b) If the customer is an active non user (Anu)

A customer can be thought about as Anu when:

i. The customer has no outgoing or incoming usage for last (X) rolling days

ii. The customer has only incoming usage but no out-going usage for last (X) rolling days iii. If the customer's usage is below a pre-determined (business decided) estimate for last (X) rolling days.

In post-paid scenario, a customer pays a rental on monthly basis. So in case of non-usage or lower-usage, the business earns fixed wage from every post-paid customer. Therefore, the customer is thought about as churned only when he/she goes out of network (Deactivated).

Churn Parameters for business analysis

After defining churn, next activity is identifying the strict parameters for the gift of churn. The churn probability or churn scores for personel customers can be generated on the basis of following categorical details:

1. customer demographics customer demographics associated data are used for segmenting the entire customer base depending on:

a) Age

b) Sex

c) Income

d) customer inventory Information

e) Subscription life cycle

2. Billing and Usage:

Billing and usage associated data which is obtained from switch (Call Data Records) is mainly used for detection of churn probability. The following details are used:

a. Price plan

b. Monthly usage overview (Charged call count, charged data volume, Free call & Data amount)

c. Monthly behalf contribution

d. Bounced payment

e. Managing channel information

f. Recharge channel information

g. Network goods data ( Voice, Messaging, Data)

3. Technical Quality:

Quality of service is a possible churn driver as call drops or inferior service ability increases the customer discontentment and therefore churn probability. In case of Cdma, as the customer is tightly coupled with the handset equipment, the aging of handset impacts the probability of the customer churn.

The following details are used:

a. Dropped call counts

b. service quality

c. Tool age (Handset age in case of Cdma)

4. Compact Details: At the end of the Compact duration or grace period, the probability of the customer leaving the connection is high, therefore it has a high impact in determination of churn. The following details are used:

a. Commitment period

b. Count of Compact renewal

c. Current Compact and end date

5. Event related:

Loyalty scheme or loyalty benefits are key drivers for retention. The Loyalty scheme associated data is used for churn scoring.

Identifying the source systems:

After deciding the Churn parameters, next step is to recognize the source systems from where the respective data will be extracted.

For example:

Cusomer details from Crm system

Usage & Billing associated details from Billing system

Technical ability from replacement & CellSite

Activation details from Provisioning system

Data Management

Data administration is the foundation for a business analysis. strict data should be gift in strict place.

Data administration has three parts:

Extraction: Involves extracting of data from source system and loading to data interchange layer

Transformation: Involves validation of the extracted data (eg: Validation for unique keys), creation of joining conditions among the tables, cleaning of invalid data etc.

Load: Involves loading the data in the business brain Data Warehouse

Data Modeling and Churn Score generation

Once the authenticated data is available in the data warehouse, the data modeling is performed. It is an iterative process. The ability of the model is accessed and the model which returns the best business value is considered. This model provides results in the form of churn score of personel customers which can be used for determining campaign targets.

Using the churn scores for holding Campaigns

The data model generates personel customer's churn score which ranges from 0 to 1.

0 - Signifies least probability of the customer to churn

1 - Signifies highest probability of the customer to churn.

These scores are weighted components of various parameters, such as

Usage information

Balance information

Recharge information

Decrement (Promotional and Core) information

Handset feature

Network coverage

Quality of service

Customer service/complaints

Price plan sensitivity

Business decision needs to be taken to resolve an upper threshold of the churn score. The customers above this threshold need to be analyzed supplementary (eg: customers with score 0.7 and above). The top two parameters contributing to the churn score to be generated on personel customer level (for customers having churn scores greater than the threshold). Depending on these parameters holding campaign can be carried out. The parameters can be as follows:

Usage statistics: The usage behavior can be derived from the aggregate of decrement (promo and core), equilibrium and recharge information. The customer who has higher score in "lesser usage" can be targeted with promotional price plan offers to improve his/her usage and change that customer from non-revenue earning to wage earning.

Higher Off-net usage: The higher score on "off-net usage" signifies that the singular customer has called very frequently to other networks. A targeted campaign can be performed with the price plan beneficial to call other networks. A supplementary pathology of the called off-net numbers can succeed in identifying frequently called off-net numbers which can be targeted by campaigns as a candidate of acquisition.

Handset Features: The handset used by the customer can be old and be lacking the contemporary features. In this case, the probability of the customer to change to a newer handset is high and there is a critical susceptibility of that customer to move to other service victualer having bundled handset offer. A holding campaign can be targeted (to this group of customers having high Handset churn score) with new service offer bundled with handset.

Customer Service/Complaints: The higher score in customer service/Complaints signifies that the customer has called the customer care frequently and probability of that customer dissatisfied with the service is higher. supplementary investigation to the customer call interaction details can communicate the cause of frequently calling to customer service. After the execution of campaigns on the basis of the churn score and churn drivers, the campaign response needs to be captured and fed into the database for pathology of successfulness of campaigns.

Implementing Churn administration solution Implementation Steps

The following phases are complex in Churn administration solution implementation:

1. Requirement Analysis: In this phase, the business requirements are gathered and analyzed and business definitions for churn are decided

2. solution Assessment: In this phase, the business brain solutions are assessed with the high level requirement of the implementing company. The feasibility test is done depending on the high level business requirement and data availability.

3. Detailed Analysis/Detailed design: In this stage, the business requirements for the Churn administration scheme are analyzed in depth for design, improvement and enhancement of the project. An exercise is performed to understand the availability/unavailability of data required to fulfill the business requirements and data mapping from source system.

4. Data pathology - Etl: In this stage, the data is extracted from the source system, transformed (cleaned/modified for missing fields and data ability is analyzed) and then loaded into Data storehouse of the business brain tool.

5. Data Modeling: In this stage, the analytical data models are created by statistical methods (eg: Logistic regression method) on historical data for churn score prediction and Analytical Base tables are populated by data.

6. Reporting: The churn score (0-1: 0 - means less probability of churn, 1 - Maximum probability of churn) is generated at each customer/account/subscription level and corresponding description is generated.

7. User Acceptance Test and Roll-out: On completion of successful Uat, the software is rolled out for the business users.

Implementation Challenges

There are several challenges when a business brain solution is implemented in a huge scale of millions of customers.

The major time of the implementation is consumed by data management. Data administration utilizes 75% of the total implementation time. Data administration includes:

Identification of source systems from where data needs to be extracted:

Due to the involvement of many source systems (Crm, Provisioning system, Billing, Mediation systems etc.), it becomes increasingly difficult to recognize the strict source system for various data fields. Identification of the strict data source and mapping to Dil fields consumes majority of the implementation time. If the data source mapping is wrong, then the subsequent steps of implementation (modeling, analysis) will also be erroneous. Therefore, extra care needs to be taken during the data convention exercise.

Data Quality: Data obtained from the source systems need to be of high ability and error free. The major challenge in implementing a business analytics solution is obtaining a high ability data. Cleaning up of data and filling the missing fields consume critical estimate of implementation time.

Change management: With the implementation of a Bi solution, the users need to change the way they used to conduct churn prediction and campaign management. Therefore, user adaptability and user awareness needs to be built up through permissible training sessions

To make the business brain system operational: After the implementation, specific organizational structure for handling the Bi operations needs to be planned and the resources need to be trained in the required areas.

Sas in business analytics

Sas is a prominent business analytics software and service victualer in the business brain domain. It has delivered proven solutions to way relevant, reliable, consistent data throughout the organizations assisting them to make the right decisions and accomplish sustainable execution improvement as well as mitigate risks.

Sas has an extended ability of handling data of large scale (with the help of Sas-Spds - scalable execution data server). This combined with strong programming language and enriched graphical interface has differentiated it from the other analytical tools available in the market. This makes Sas perfectly convenient for business usage where it demands handling of huge data stores.

Sas - Telecommunication brain solution (Tis)

Sas has several industy specific solutions. Sas has packaged their business analytics knowledge in the form of models, processes, business logic, queries, reports and analytics.

Tis is the telecom commerce specific business analytic solution which has been built specific to telecom commerce needs. This solution assists the telecom service providers with specific modules, for example:

Sas Campaign administration for Telecommunication

Sas customer segmentation for Telecommunication

Sas customer holding for Telecommunication

Sas Strategic execution administration for Telecommunication

Sas Cross sell and Up sell for Telecommunication

Sas cost risk for Telecommunication

Sas churn administration and campaign administration solution includes Segmenting the entire customer base

Detecting the causes of churn

Scoring the personel customer on the basis of their churn probability

This churn score is supplementary used as an input for campaign management.

Sas Data flow (Architecture)

The data needs to be collected from various source systems.

Crm system: Customer/Account/Subscription associated data

Provisioning system: Activation date, Tool (Handset) age Billing System: Billing data

Mediation System: Call description details

The data is collected in the Data Interchange Layer (Dil). The data is then extracted, transformed and loaded into Detailed Data Store (Dds).

The data is used for:

1. Dimensional Data Modeling: This is used for query, reporting and Olap (Online Analytical Processing)

2. Abt (Analytical Base Table): This is the solution specific model developed which can be used for a singular analysis. For example: The Abt for churn model.

3. Campaign Data Mart: This data is used for targeting specific customer segments for targeted campaign.

Conclusion

Therefore, it is imperative that churn administration is an critical challenge in the contemporary day Indian telecommunication industry. Detecting the permissible think of churn and predicting churn in develop can save the business from expansive wage loss.

Business brain tools help the telecom service providers to accomplish data pathology and to predict churn probability of a singular customer. Apart from churn predictive analysis, the tools can be used for various other pathology to help the business decisions.

Sas has a possible to deal with huge volume of data. As a business brain tool, Sas empowers the business to efficiently deal with expansive volume of data and accomplish pathology on the available data for millions of customers. Moreover, Sas with its telecommunication specific solution (Tis - Telecom brain Solution) assists in construction the data storehouse to hold the required parameters for supplementary analysis.

Therefore, Sas-Tis can be an effective tool for business brain activities in the telecom industry.

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4G mobile Broadband - Lte Network Architecture and Protocol Stack

4G mobile Broadband - Lte Network Architecture and Protocol Stack,

Abstrct

The goal of the Lte proper is to create specifications for a new radio-access technology geared to higher data rates, low latency and greater spectral efficiency. The spectral efficiency target for the Lte ideas is three to four times higher than the current Hspa system. These aggressive spectral efficiency targets require using the technology envelope by employing industrialized air-interface techniques such as low-Papr orthogonal uplink manifold passage based on Sc-Fdma(single-carrier frequency department manifold access) Mimo multiple-input multiple-output multi-antenna technologies, inter-cell interference mitigation techniques, low latency channel structure and single-frequency network (Sfn) broadcast. The researchers and engineers working on the proper come up with new innovative technology proposals and ideas for ideas doing improvement. Due to the very aggressive proper amelioration schedule, these researchers and engineers are generally unable to release their proposals in conferences or journals, etc. In the standards amelioration phase, the proposals go through ample scrutiny with manifold sources evaluating and simulating the proposed technologies from ideas doing correction and implementation complexity perspectives. Therefore, only the highest-quality proposals and ideas ultimately make into the standard.

Related 4G mobile Broadband - Lte Network Architecture and Protocol Stack.

Keywords: Lte Architecture, Udp, Gdp, Mimo, Mime, Mcch, Mbms, Qos

Recommend 4G mobile Broadband - Lte Network Architecture and Protocol Stack.

1. Introducyion

The Lte network architecture is designed with the goal of supporting packet-switched traffic with seamless mobility, potential of service (QoS) and minimal latency. A packet-switched approach allows for the supporting of all services including voice through packet connections. The effect in a very simplified flatter architecture with only two types of node namely evolved Node-B (eNb) and mobility administration entity/gateway (Mme/Gw). This is in divergence to many more network nodes in the current hierarchical network architecture of the 3G system. One major convert is that the radio network controller (Rnc) is eliminated from the data path and its functions are now incorporated in eNb. Some of the benefits of a single node in the passage network are reduced latency and the distribution of the Rnc processing load into manifold eNbs. The elimination of the Rnc in the passage network was possible partly because the Lte ideas does not retain macro-diversity or soft-handoff.

2. Lte Network Architecture

All the network interfaces are based on Ip protocols. The eNbs are interconnected by means of an X2 interface and to the Mme/Gw entity by means of an S1 interface as shown in Figure1. The S1 interface supports a many-to-many relationship between Mme/Gw and eNbs.

The functional split between eNb and Mme/Gw is shown in frame 2 Two logical gateway entities namely the serving gateway (S-Gw) and the packet data network gateway (P-Gw) is defined. The S-Gw acts as a local mobility anchor forwarding and receiving packets to and from the eNb serving the Ue. The P-Gw interfaces with external packet data networks (Pdns) such as the Internet and the Ims. The P-Gw also performs several Ip functions such as address allocation, procedure enforcement, packet filtering and routing.

The Mme is a signaling only entity and hence user Ip packets do not go through Mme. An benefit of a separate network entity for signaling is that the network capacity for signaling and traffic can grow independently. The main functions of Mme are idle-mode Ue reach potential including the control and doing of paging retransmission, tracking area list management, roaming, authentication, authorization, P-Gw/S-Gw selection, bearer administration including dedicated bearer establishment, protection negotiations and Nas signaling, etc.

Evolved Node-B implements Node-B functions as well as protocols traditionally implemented in Rnc. The main functions of eNb are header compression, ciphering and reliable delivery of packets. On the control side, eNb incorporates functions such as admission control and radio reserved supply management. Some of the benefits of a single node in the passage network are reduced latency and the distribution of Rnc the network side are now ended in eNb.

Figure 1: Network Architecture

Figure 2: Functional split between eNb and Mme/Gw.

2.1 Protocol Stack And Conytol Plane

The user plane protocol stack is given in frame 3.We note that packet data convergence protocol (Pdcp) and radio link control (Rlc) layers traditionally ended in Rnc on frame 4 shows the control plane protocol stack.

Figure 3: User plane protocol.

Figure 4: control plane protocol stack.

We note that Rrc functionality traditionally implemented in Rnc is now incorporated into eNb. The Rlc and Mac layers achieve the same functions as they do for the user plane. The functions performed by the Rrc consist of ideas data broadcast, paging, radio bearer control, Rrc relationship management, mobility functions and Ue measurement reporting and control. The non-access stratum (Nas) protocol ended in the Mme on the network side and at the Ue on the terminal side performs functions such as Eps (evolved packet system) bearer management, authentication and protection control, etc.

The S1 and X2 interface protocol stacks are shown in Figures 2.5 and 2.6 respectively.We note that similar protocols are used on these two interfaces. The S1 user plane interface (S1-U) is defined between the eNb and the S-Gw. The S1-U interface uses Gtp-U (Gprs tunneling protocol - user data tunneling) on Udp/Ip vehicle and provides non-guaranteed delivery of user plane Pdus between the eNb and the S-Gw. The Gtp-U is a relatively straightforward Ip based tunneling protocol that permits many tunnels between each set of end points. The S1 control plane interface (S1-Mme) is defined as being between the eNb and the Mme. Similar to the user plane, the vehicle network layer is built on Ip vehicle and for the reliable

Figure 5: S1 interface user and control planes.

Figure 6: X2 interface user and control planes.

Transport of signaling messages Sctp (stream control transmission protocol) is used on top of Ip The Sctp protocol operates analogously to Tcp ensuring reliable, in-sequence vehicle of messages with congestion control. The application layer signaling protocols are referred to as S1 application protocol (S1-Ap) and X2 application protocol (X2-Ap) for S1 and X2 interface control planes respectively.

3. Qos And Bearer service Architecture

Applications such as VoIp, web browsing, video telephony and video streaming have extra QoS needs. Therefore, an prominent feature of any all-packet network is the provision of a QoS mechanism to enable differentiation of packet flows based on QoS requirements. In Eps, QoS flows called Eps bearers are established between the Ue and the P-Gw as shown in frame 7. A radio bearer transports the packets of an Eps bearer between a Ue and an eNb. Each Ip flow (e.g. VoIp) is linked with a separate Eps bearer and the network can prioritize traffic accordingly.

Figure 7: Eps bearer service architecture.

When receiving an Ip packet from the Internet, P-Gw performs packet classification based on safe bet predefined parameters and sends it an proper Eps bearer. Based on the Eps bearer, eNb maps packets to the proper radio QoS bearer. There is one-to-one mapping between an Eps bearer and a radio bearer.

4. Layer 2 Structure

The layer 2 of Lte consists of three sub layers namely medium passage control, radio link control (Rlc) and packet data convergence protocol (Pdcp). The service passage point (Sap) between the corporal (Phy) layer and the Mac sub layer furnish the vehicle channels while the Sap between the Mac and Rlc sub layers furnish the logical channels. The Mac sub layer performs multiplexing of logical channels on to the vehicle channels.

The downlink and uplink layer 2 structures are given in Figures 8 and 9 respectively. The divergence between downlink and uplink structures is that in the downlink, the Mac sub layer also handles the priority among Ues in addition to priority handling among the logical channels of a single Ue. The other functions performed by the Mac sub layers in both downlink and uplink consist of mapping between the logical and the vehicle channels.
Multiplexing of Rlc packet data units (Pdu), padding, vehicle format choice and hybrid Arq (Harq).

The main services and functions of the Rlc sub layers consist of segmentation, Arq in-sequence delivery and double detection, etc. The in-sequence delivery of upper layer Pdus is not guaranteed at handover. The reliability of Rlc can be configured to either sass mode (Am) or un-acknowledge mode (Um) transfers. The Um mode can be used for radio bearers that can tolerate some loss. In Am mode, Arq functionality of Rlc Retransmits vehicle blocks that fail rescue by Harq. The rescue at Harq may fail due to hybrid Arq Nack to Ack error or because the maximum whole of retransmission attempts is reached. In this case, the relevant transmitting Arq entities are notified and possible retransmissions and re-segmentation can be initiated.

Figure 8: Downlink layer 2 structure.

Figure 9: Uplink layer 2 structure.

The Pdcp layer performs functions such as header compression and decompression, ciphering and in-sequence delivery and double detection at handover for Rlcam, etc. The header compression and decompression is performed using the robust header compression (Rohc) protocol. 5.1 Downlink logical, vehicle and corporal channels

4.1 Downlink Logical, vehicle And corporal Channels

The relationship between downlink logical, vehicle and corporal channels is shown in frame 10. A logical channel is defined by the type of data it carriers. The logical channels are further divided into control channels and traffic channels. The control channels carry control-plane information, while traffic channels carry user-plane information.

In the downlink, five control channels and two traffic channels are defined. The downlink control channel used for paging data replacement is referred to as the paging control channel (Pcch). This channel is used when the network has no knowledge about the location cell of the Ue. The channel that carries ideas control data is referred to as the broadcast control channel (Bcch). Two channels namely the tasteless control channel (Ccch) and the dedicated control channel (Dcch) can carry data between the network and the Ue. The Ccch is used for Ues that have no Rrc relationship while Dcch is used for Ues that have an Rrc connection. The control channel used for the transmission of Mbms control data is referred to as the multicast control channel (Mcch). The Mcch is used by only those Ues receiving Mbms.

The two traffic channels in the downlink are the dedicated traffic channel (Dtch) and the multicast traffic channel (Mtch). A Dtch is a point-to-point channel dedicated to a single Ue for the transmission of user information. An Mtch is a point-to-multipoint channel used for the transmission of user traffic to Ues receiving Mbms. The paging control channel is mapped to a vehicle channel referred to as paging channel (Pch). The Pch supports discontinuous reception (Drx) to enable Ue power saving. A Drx cycle is indicated to the Ue by the network. The Bcch is mapped to either a vehicle channel referred to as a broadcast channel (Bch) or to the downlink shared channel (Dlsch).

Figure 10: Downlink logical, vehicle and corporal channels mapping.

The Bch is characterized by a fixed pre-defined format as this is the first channel Ue receives after acquiring synchronization to the cell. The Mcch and Mtch are either mapped to a vehicle channel called a multicast channel (Mch) or to the downlink shared channel (Dl-Sch). The Mch supports Mbsfn combining of Mbms transmission from manifold cells. The other logical channels mapped to Dl-Sch consist of Ccch, Dcch and Dtch. The Dl-Sch is characterized by retain for adaptive modulation/coding, Harq, power control, semi-static/dynamic reserved supply allocation, Drx, Mbm Transmission and multi antenna technologies. All the four-downlink vehicle channels have the requirement to be broadcast in the entire coverage area of a cell.

The Bch is mapped to a corporal channel referred to as corporal broadcast channel (Pbch), which is transmitted over four sub frames with 40 ms timing interval. The 40 ms timing is detected blindly without requiring any explicit signaling. Also, each sub frame transmission of Bch is self-decodable and Ues with good channel conditions may not need to wait for reception of all the four sub frames for Pbch decoding. The Pch and Dl-Sch are mapped to a corporal channel referred to as corporal downlink shared channel (Pdsch). The multicast channel (Mch) is mapped to corporal multicast channel (Pmch), which is the multi-cell Mbsfn transmission channel.

The three stand-alone corporal control channels are the corporal control format indicator channel (Pcfich), the corporal downlink control channel (Pdcch) and the corporal hybrid Arq indicator channel (Phich). The Pcfich is transmitted every sub frame and carries data on the whole of Ofdm symbols used for Pdcch. The Pdcch is used to clue the Ues about the reserved supply allocation of Pch and Dl-Sch as well as modulation, coding and hybrid Arq data linked to Dl-Sch. A maximum of three or four Ofdm symbols can be used for Pdcch. With dynamic indication of whole of Ofdm symbols used for Pdcch via Pcfich, the unused Ofdm symbols among the three or four Pdcch Ofdm symbols can be used for data transmission. The Phich is used to carry hybrid Arq Ack/Nack for uplink transmissions.

4.2 Uplink Logical, vehicle And corporal Channels

The relationship between uplink logical, vehicle and corporal channels is shown in frame 2.11. In the uplink two control channels and a single traffic channel is defined. As for the downlink, tasteless control channel (Ccch) and dedicated control channel (Dcch) are used to carry data between the network and the Ue. The Ccch is used for Ues having no Rrc relationship while Dcch is used for Ues having an Rrc connection. Similar to downlink, dedicated traffic channel (Dtch) is a point-to-point channel dedicated to a single Ue for transmission of user information. All the three uplink logical channels are mapped to a vehicle channel named uplink shared channel (Ul-Sch). The Ul-Sch supports adaptive modulation/coding, Harq, power control and semi-static/dynamic reserved supply allocation.

Another vehicle channel defined for the uplink is referred to as the random passage channel (Rach), which can be used for transmission of exiguous control data from a Ue with possibility of collisions with transmissions from other Ues. The Rach is mapped to corporal random passage channel (Prach), which carries the random passage preamble.

The Ul-Sch vehicle channel is mapped to corporal uplink shared channel (Pusch). A stand-alone uplink corporal channel referred to as corporal uplink control channel (Pucch) is used to carry downlink channel potential indication (Cqi) reports, scheduling ask (Sr) and hybrid Arq Ack/Nack for downlink transmissions.

5. Protocol States And States Transitions

In the Lte system, two radio reserved supply control (Rrc) states namely Rrc Idle and Rrc linked states are defined as depicted in frame 2.12. A Ue moves from Rrc Idle state to Rrc linked state when an Rrc relationship is successfully established. A Ue can move back from Rrc linked to Rrc Idle state by releasing the Rrc connection. In the Rrc Idle state, Ue can receive broadcast/multicast data, monitors a paging channel to detect incoming calls, performs neighbor cell measurements and cell selection/reselection and acquires ideas information. Furthermore, in the Rrc Idle state, a Ue definite Drx (discontinuous reception) cycle may be configured by upper layers to enable Ue power savings. Also, mobility is controlled by the Ue in the Rrc Idle
State.

In the Rrc linked state, the replacement of uncast data to/from Ue, and the replacement of broadcast or multicast data to Ue can take place. At lower layers, the Ue may be configured with a Ue definite Drx/Dtx (discontinuous transmission). Furthermore, Ue monitors control channels linked with the shared data channel to decree if data is scheduled for it, provides channel potential feedback information, performs neighbor cell measurements and measurement reporting and acquires ideas information. Unlike the Rrc Idle state, the mobility is controlled by the network in this state.

Figure 11 Uplink logical, vehicle and corporal channels mapping.

Figure 12: Ue states and state transitions.

6. Seamless Mobility Support

An prominent feature of a mobile wireless ideas such as Lte is retain for seamless mobility over eNbs and over Mme/Gws. Fast and seamless handovers (Ho) is particularly prominent for delay-sensitive services such as VoIp. The handovers occur more frequently over eNbs than over core networks because the area covered by Mme/Gw serving a large whole of eNbs is generally much larger than the area covered by a single eNb. The
signaling on X2 interface between eNbs is used for handover preparation. The S-Gw acts as anchor for inter-eNb handovers.

In the Lte system, the network relies on the Ue to detect the neighboring cells for handovers and therefore no neighbor cell data is signaled from the network. For the quest and measurement of inter-frequency neighboring cells, only the carrier frequencies need to be indicated. An example of active handover in an Rrc linked state is shown in frame 13 where a Ue moves from the coverage area of the source eNb (eNb1) to the coverage area of the target eNb (eNb2). The handovers in the Rrc linked state are network controlled and assisted by the Ue. The Ue sends a radio measurement description to the source eNb1 indicating that the signal potential on eNb2 is best than the signal potential on eNb1. As preparing for handover, the source eNb1 sends the coupling data and the Ue context to the target eNb2 (Ho request) [6] on the X2 interface. The target eNb2 may achieve admission control dependent on the received Eps bearer QoS information. The target eNb configures the required resources according to the received Eps bearer QoS data and reserves a C-Rnti (cell radio network temporary identifier) and optionally a Rach preamble.

Figure 13: Active handovers.

The C-Rnti provides a unique Ue identification at the cell level identifying the Rrc connection. When eNb2 signals to eNb1 that it is ready to achieve the handover via Ho response message, eNb1 commands the Ue (Ho command) to convert the radio bearer to eNb2. The Ue receives the Ho command with the needful parameters (i.e. New C-Rnti, optionally dedicated Rach preamble, possible expiry time of the dedicated Rach preamble, etc.) and is commanded by the source eNb to achieve the Ho. The Ue does not need to delay the handover doing for delivering the Harq/Arq responses to source eNb.

After receiving the Ho command, the Ue performs synchronization to the target eNb and accesses the target cell via the random passage channel (Rach) following a contention-free procedure if a dedicated Rach preamble was allocated in the Ho command or following a contention-based procedure if no dedicated preamble was allocated. The network responds with uplink reserved supply allocation and timing strengthen to be applied by the Ue. When the Ue has successfully accessed the target cell, the Ue sends the Ho confirm message (C-Rnti) along with an uplink buffer status description indicating that the handover procedure is completed for the Ue. After receiving the Ho confirm message, the target eNb sends a path switch message to the Mme to clue that the Ue has changed cell. The Mme sends a user plane modernize message to the S-Gw. The S-Gw switches the downlink data path to the target eNb and sends one or more "end marker" packets on the old path to the source eNb and then releases any user-plane/Tnl resources towards the source eNb. Then S-Gw sends a user plane modernize response message to the Mme. Then the Mme confirms the path switch message from the target eNb with the path switch response message. After the path switch response message is received from the Mme, the target eNb informs success of Ho to the source eNb by sending release reserved supply message to the source eNb and triggers the release of resources. On receiving the release reserved supply message, the source eNb can release radio and C-plane linked sources linked with the Ue context.

During handover preparing U-plane tunnels can be established between the source Enb and the target eNb. There is one tunnel established for uplink data forwarding and someone else one for downlink data forwarding for each Eps bearer for which data forwarding is applied. During handover execution, user data can be forwarded from the source eNb to the target eNb. Forwarding of downlink user data from the source to the target eNb should take place in order as long as packets are received at the source eNb or the source eNb buffer is exhausted.

For mobility administration in the Rrc Idle state, thought of tracking area (Ta) is introduced. A tracking area generally covers manifold eNbs as depicted in frame 2.14. The tracking area identity (Tai) data indicating which Ta an eNb belongs to is broadcast as part of ideas information. A Ue can detect convert of tracking area when it receives a separate Tai than in its current cell. The Ue updates the Mme with its new Ta data as it moves over Tas. When P-Gw receives data for a Ue, it buffers the packets and queries the Mme for the Ue's location. Then the Mme will page the Ue in its most current Ta. A Ue can be registered in manifold Tas simultaneously. This enables power rescue at the Ue under conditions of high mobility because it does not need to constantly modernize its location with the Mme. This feature also minimizes load on Ta boundaries.

8. Multicast Broadcast ideas Architecture

In the Lte system, the Mbms either use a single-cell transmission or a multi-cell transmission. In single-cell transmission, Mbms is transmitted only in the coverage of a definite cell and therefore combining Mbms transmission from manifold cells is not supported. The single-cell Mbms transmission is performed on Dl-Sch and hence uses the same network architecture as the unicast traffic.

Figure 14: Tracking area modernize for Ue in Rrc Idle state.

The Mtch and Mcch are mapped on Dl-Sch for point-to-multipoint transmission and scheduling is done by the eNb. The Ues can be allocated dedicated uplink feedback channels selfsame to those used in unicast transmission, which enables Harq Ack/Nack and Cqi feedback. The Harq retransmissions are made using a group (service specific) Rnti (radio network temporary identifier) in a time frame that is co-ordinated with the former Mtch transmission. All Ues receiving Mbms are able to receive the retransmissions and concentrate with the former transmissions at the Harq level. The Ues that are allocated a dedicated uplink feedback channel are in Rrc linked state. In order to avoid unnecessary Mbms transmission on Mtch in a cell where there is no Mbms user, network can detect proximity of users curious in the Mbms service by polling or through Ue service request.

The multi-cell transmission for the evolved multimedia broadcast multicast service (Mbms) is realized by transmitting selfsame waveform at the same time from manifold cells. In this case, Mtch and Mcch are mapped on to Mch for point-to-multipoint transmission. This multi-cell transmission mode is referred to as multicast broadcast single frequency network (eMbsfn) as described in detail in chapter 17. An Mbsfn transmission from manifold cells within an Mbsfn area is seen as a single transmission by the Ue. An Mbsfn area comprises a group of cells within an Mbsfn synchronization area of a network that are co-ordinate to achieve Mbsfn transmission. An Mbsfn synchronization area is defined as an area of the network in which all eNbs can be synchronized and achieve Mbsfn transmission. An Mbms service area may consist of manifold Mbsfn areas. A cell within an Mbsfn synchronization area may form part of manifold Sfn areas each characterized by separate article and set of participating cells.

Figure 15. The eMbms service area and Mbsfn areas.

An example of Mbms service area consisting of two Mbsfn areas, area A and area B, is depicted in frame 2.15. The Mbsfna area consists of cells A1-A5, cell Ab1 and Ab2. The Mbsfn area consists of cells B1-B5, cell Ab1 and Ab2. The cells Ab1 and Ab2 are part of both Mbsfn area A and area B. The cell B5 is part of area B but does not contribute to Mbsfn transmission. Such a cell is referred to as Mbsfn area reserved cell. The Mbsfn area reserved cell may be allowed to forward for other services on the resources allocated for the Mbsfn but at a restricted power. The Mbsfn synchronization area, the Mbsfn area and reserved cells can be semi-statically configured by O&M.

The Mbms architecture for multi-cell transmission is depicted in frame 2.16. The multicell multicast coordination entity (Mce) is a logical entity, which means it can also be part of someone else network element such as eNb. The Mce performs functions such as the allocation of the radio resources used by all eNbs in the Mbsfn area as well as determining the radio configuration including the modulation and coding scheme. The Mbms Gw is also a logical entity whose main function is sending/broadcasting Mbms packets with the Sync protocol to each eNb transmitting the service. The Mbms Gw hosts the Pdcp layer of the user plane and uses Ip multicast for forwarding Mbms user data to eNbs.

The eNbs are linked to eMbms Gw via a pure user plane interface M1. As M1 is a pure user plane interface, no control plane application part is defined for this interface. Two control plane interfaces M2 and M3 are defined. The application part on M2 interface conveys radio configuration data for the multi-cell transmission mode eNbs. The application part on M3 interface between Mbms Gw and Mce performs Mbms session control signaling on Eps bearer level that includes procedures such as session start and stop.

An prominent requirement for multi-cell Mbms service transmission is Mbms article synchronization to enable Mbsfn operation. The eMbms user plane architecture for article synchronization is depicted in frame 2.17. A Sync protocol layer is defined on the vehicle network layer (Tnl) to retain the article synchronization mechanism. The Sync protocol carries further data that enables eNbs to identify the timing for radio frame transmission as well as detect packet loss.

Figure 16: eMbms logical architecture.

Figure 17: The eMbms user plane architecture for article synchronization.

The eNbs participating in multicell Mbms transmission are required to comply with article synchronization mechanism. An eNb transmitting only in single-cell service is not required to comply with the stringent timing requirements indicated by Sync protocol. In case Pdcp is used for header compression, it is settled in eMbms Gw. The Ues receiving Mtch transmissions and taking part in at least one Mbms feedback project need to be in an Rrc linked state. On the other hand, Ues receiving Mtch transmissions without taking part in an Mbms feedback mechanism can be in either an Rrc Idle or an Rrc linked state. For receiving single-cell transmission of Mtch, a Ue may need to be in Rrc linked state. The signaling by which a Ue is triggered to move to Rrc linked state solely for single-cell reception purposes is carried on Mcch.

8. Summary
The Lte ideas is based on very simplified network architecture with only two types of nodes namely eNode-B and Mme/Gw. Fundamentally, it is a flattened architecture that enables simplified network design while still supporting seamless mobility and industrialized QoS mechanisms. This is a major convert relative to former wireless networks with many more network nodes using hierarchical network architecture. The simplification of network was
partly possible because Lte ideas does not retain macro-diversity or soft-handoff and hence does not require a Rnc in the passage network for macro-diversity combining. Many of the other Rnc functions are incorporated into the eNb. The QoS logical connections are in case,granted between the Ue and the gateway enabling differentiation of Ip flows and meeting the requirements for low-latency applications.

A separate architecture optimized for multi-cell multicast and broadcast is provided, which consists of two logical nodes namely the multicast co-ordination entity (Mce) and the Mbms gateway. The Mce allocates radio resources as well as determines the radio configuration to be used by all eNbs in the Mbsfn area. The Mbms gateway broadcasts Mbms packets with the Sync protocol to each eNb transmitting the service. The Mbms gateway uses Ip multicast for forwarding Mbms user data to eNbs. The layer 2 and radio reserved supply control protocols are designed to enable reliable delivery of data, ciphering, header compression and Ue power savings.

9. References

[1] 3Gppts 36.300 V8.4.0, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio passage Network (E-Utra): ample Description.

[2] 3Gpp Ts 29.060 V8.3.0, Gprs Tunneling Protocol (Gtp) over the Gn and Gp Interface.

[3] Ietf Rfc 4960, Stream control Transmission Protocol.

[4] Ietf Rfc 3095, Robust Header Compression (Rohc): Framework and Four Profiles: Rtp, Udp, Esp, and uncompressed.

[5] 3Gpp Ts 36.331 V8.1.0, Radio reserved supply control (Rrc) Protocol Specification.

[6] 3Gpp Tr 23.882 V1.15.1, 3Gpp ideas Architecture Evolution (Sae): description on Technical Options and Conclusions.

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Can ScanPst Exe Recover Network Pst Files?

Can ScanPst Exe Recover Network Pst Files?,

Scanpst.exe is a utility used to definite Ms Outlook Pst files. Scanpst can partially fix internal Pst file database issues but in most cases you will have to try a third party Scanpst.exe tool.

It is inherent to split Pst mailboxes into distinct files placed locally or on a network driver. The qoute is that although a network driver may appear as a local drive (drive mapping) network drive not provides the same performance as a local one (i.e. C drive). Therefore Outlook may face problems to touch the Pst file placed on the network server and that may lead sooner or later to corrupt Pst file which require a heal with scanpst.exe

Related Can ScanPst Exe Recover Network Pst Files?.

If such a failure happens, it is inherent to restore your Pst file mailbox first with backup software that is daily backup in your network storage. However, since the mailbox data may contain some crucial company data you might do not want to lose even a single day of work.

Recommend Can ScanPst Exe Recover Network Pst Files?.

If restoring the mailbox data placed in your inaccessible Pst file is a must, you can try and use the Scanpst.exe utility. Scanpst.exe location is in your Outlook facility portfolio (You may find it under the default facility portfolio i.e. C:\program files). If you cannot find it the best is just to run the quest program and find the scanpst.exe directly.

Typical Pst errors:

"The file F:\archive.pst is not a personal folders file."

(you can replace the letter F with your own network drive letter).

Cause for the Pst error:

The above error indicates that Outlook cannot read the Pst database because it is corrupt. The file does not have valid database structure. Another inherent cause is that you just do not have network connection to the Pst file. In that case it is very easy to solve it and just call your network administrator to fix it.

Please reconsider that Outlook Pst database file was not designed to work with slow connections such as network drives. In many cases the connection is slowing while rescue data or file conclusion which in many times cause data lose and Pst file corruption.

Can Scanpst.exe solve it?

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